| Brown dwarfs (BDs) and very low-mass stars (VLMS) make up a significant fraction of stars in our galaxy, providing key laboratories for studying planet formation under extreme conditions of low temperatures and densities. Based on dust evolution models, dust particles in these environments face greater challenges in overcoming radial drift, a major hurdle in the early stages of planet formation. Recent high-resolution ALMA observations of protoplanetary disks around VLMS have revealed substructures similar to those found around Sun-like stars, suggesting that giant planets embedded in these disks could be responsible. However, it is still unknown if this is the case for disks around BDs. From exoplanet discoveries, giant planets represent less than 2% around BDs and VLMS, which are difficult to form according to core accretion models. Deep observations with ALMA and JWST are being fundamental for understanding key parameters of these disks, such as their size, mass, and spectral indices. These findings are helping us to assess the conditions for the planet formation such extreme environments. |
