Very Large Telescope

El observatorio astronómico de luz visible más avanzado del mundo


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Webcam | 30 Mar 2025 12:00 CEST / 07:00 CLST
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LIVE panoramic image of Paranal (30 Mar 2025 12:00 CEST / 07:00 CLST)

El conjunto del Telescopio Muy Grande (Very Large Telescope, VLT) es, hasta el momento, el buque insignia de la astronomía terrestre europea de nuestra era. Es el instrumento óptico más avanzado del mundo. Consta de cuatro Telescopios Unitarios (Unit Telescopes, UTs) con espejo primario de 8,2 metros de diámetro más cuatro Telescopios Auxiliares (Auxiliary Telescopes, ATs) móviles de 1,8 metros de diámetro. Los telescopios pueden funcionar conjuntamente para formar un "interferómetro" gigante, el VLT Interferometer o VLTI, que permite ver detalles con 25 veces más precisión que con telescopios individuales de mayor tamaño. Los haces de luz se combinan en el VTLI utilizando un complejo sistema de espejos situados en túneles subterráneos donde las trayectorias de luz deben mantenerse iguales, alineándose con una precisión de 1/1000 mm en distancias de unos 100 m. Con este tipo de precisión, el VLTI puede reconstruir imágenes con una resolución angular de milisegundos de arco, lo que equivaldría a distinguir los dos faros de un vehículo a una distancia similar a la que separa a la Tierra de la Luna.

Los Telescopios de 8,2 metros de diámetro también pueden utilizarse individualmente. Con uno de ellos, se pueden obtener imágenes de objetos celestes muy débiles, llegando a la magnitud 30 tras una hora de exposición. Esto equivale a poder ver objetos que son cuatro mil millones de veces más débiles que el límite detectable por el ojo humano.

Los grandes telescopios se llaman Antu, Kueyen, Melipal y Yepun.

Paranal map and safety
Mapa de Paranal y seguridad. Crédito: ESO

Webcam en directo

Webcam | 30 Mar 2025 12:00 CEST / 07:00 CLST
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Imagen en directo de MELIPAL, también conocido como UT3 (30 Mar 2025 12:00 CEST / 07:00 CLST)

Webcam | 30 Mar 2025 12:00 CEST / 07:00 CLST
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En días muy despejados puede verse el impresionante volcán Llullaillaco, de 6739-metre, al fondo de esta fotografía. Se encuentra a 190 kilómetros, en la frontera con Argentina. (30 Mar 2025 12:00 CEST / 07:00 CLST)

Una visita al Observatorio Paranal

Virtual Tour at ESO Very Large Telescope

Pincha en la imagen para dar un Paseo Virtual por el VLT.

 

Visite el Observatorio Paranal

Telescopios e Instrumentación

El Programa de instrumentación del VLT es el más ambicioso jamás concebido para un solo observatorio. Incluye cámaras multibanda de gran campo, cámaras y espectrógrafos equipados con óptica adaptativa, así como espectrógrafos multiobjeto de alta resolución. El conjunto de instrumentos cubre un amplio intervalo espectral, con longitudes de onda que van del ultravioleta profundo (300 nm) hasta el infrarrojo medio (20 micrómetros).

Los telescopios Unitarios

Cada uno de los telescopios de 8,2 metros de diámetro está ubicado en compactos edificios con control térmico que rotan a la vez que los telescopios, de manera sincronizada. Este diseño minimiza los efectos adversos en las condiciones de observación, como por ejemplo, los debidos a las turbulencias en el interior del tubo del telescopio, al reducir sus causas que podrían darse debido a variaciones en la temperatura y al flujo del viento.

El primero de los telescopios, "Antu", comenzó sus operaciones científicas el 1 de abril de 1999. Hoy en día están operativos los cuatro Telescopios Principales y los cuatro Telescopios Auxiliares.

Cúpulas de los Telescopios Unitarios del VLT:

  • Altura: 2850 cm
  • Diámetro: 2900 cm

Los Telescopios Auxiliares

Los cuatro Telescopios Principales del VLT, de 8,2 m cada uno, pueden combinarse para formar el VLTI, pero durante la mayor parte del tiempo se usan por separado, para otros fines. Tan sólo se dispone de un número limitado de noches al año para observaciones interferométricas. Sin embargo, los cuatro Telescopios Auxiliares (Auxiliary Telescopes, AT) de 1,8 m, están disponibles para permitir que el VLTI opere cada noche.

Ciencia con los VLT

El VLT ha provocado un impacto indiscutible en la astronomía observacional. Es la instalación terrestre individual más productiva y, por promedio, sus resultados han generado más de un trabajo publicado al día en revistas científicas de alto nivel. El VLT contribuye enormemente a hacer de ESO el observatorio terrestre más productivo del mundo, estimulando una nueva era de descubrimientos, con varias primicias científicas destacables, incluyendo la primera imagen de un planeta extrasolar (Ver noticia...), el seguimiento de estrellas individuales moviéndose alrededor del agujero negro súper masivo ubicado en el centro de la Vía Láctea (Ver noticia...), y la observación del resplandor de la explosión de rayos gamma más lejana que se haya conocido.

Objetivos científicos

Objetivo general de un telescopio de gran apertura óptico-infrarrojo. Las aplicaciones incluyen galaxias con alto desplazamiento al rojo, formación estelar, exoplanetas y sistemas protoplanetarios.

Más sobre ciencia con el VLT

Más sobre el Very Large Telescope

Residencia

El hotel del VLT, la Residencia, es un edificio galardonado y que se utilizó como telón de fondo para la grabación de parte de la película de James Bond Quantum of Solace.

Trailer del VLT

Descarga el trailer del VLT en el archivo de vídeo.

VLT

Name: Very Large Telescope
Site: Cerro Paranal
Altitude: 2635 m
Enclosure: Compact optimised cylindrical enclosure
Type: Optical/infrared, with interferometry
Optical design: Ritchey-Chrétien reflector
Diameter. Primary M1: 8.20 m
Material. Primary M1: ZeroDur
Diameter. Secondary M2: 0.94 m
Material. Secondary M2: Beryllium
Diameter. Tertiary M3: 1.242 x 0.866 m (elliptical flat)
Mount: Alt-Azimuth mount
First Light date: UT1, Antu: 25 May 1998
UT2, Kueyen: 1 March 1999
UT3, Melipal: 26 Jan 2000
UT4, Yepun: 4 September 2000
Active Optics: Yes
Adaptive Optics: UT4: Laser Guide Star + NACO
Interferometry: UT maximum 130 m baseline
Images taken with the VLT: Link
Images of the VLT: Link
Press Releases with the VLT: Link

 

Did you know?
The smallest detail distinguishable with the VLTI is about the size of a sesame seed on the International Space Station, as seen from the ground (about 2 milliarcseconds).

 

El VLT en Google maps

 

Ver mapa más grande



Descarga los modelos 3D de los telescopios para verlos en Google earth (kmz file, 4.8MB)

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