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Medición de la masa de un agujero negro distante demuestra la potencia de GRAVITY+

29 de Enero de 2024

Por primera vez, los astrónomos han realizado una medición directa de la masa de un agujero negro distante, tan lejano que la luz de su entorno tardó 11.000 millones de años en llegar hasta nosotros. El equipo, dirigido por Taro Shimizu del Instituto Max Planck para la Física Extraterrestre, Alemania, descubrió que el agujero negro, denominado J0920, tiene una masa de unas 320 millones de veces la masa del Sol. Este logro, descrito en un artículo científico publicado hoy en la revista Nature, ha sido posible gracias a GRAVITY+, una serie de actualizaciones en curso que se han aplicado al Interferómetro del Very Large Telescope de ESO (VLTI) y a su instrumento GRAVITY, el cual puede obtener imágenes hasta 40 veces más nítidas que las captadas por el telescopio espacial James Webb.

Para medir directamente la masa de un agujero negro, los astrónomos utilizan telescopios que rastrean el desplazamiento del gas y las estrellas a su alrededor.  Cuanto mayor sea la velocidad de desplazamiento, mayor será la masa encerrada dentro de la órbita del material. Esta técnica se ha usado para medir la masa de agujeros negros cercanos, incluyendo el que se encuentra al centro de la Vía Láctea.  Sin embargo, a distancias muy lejanas se hace muy difícil observar este desplazamiento. Por este motivo, no había sido posible hasta ahora obtener mediciones directas de la masa de agujeros negros distantes, que ofrecen una ventana a un periodo de la historia del Universo en el cual las galaxias y agujeros negros se desarrollaban rápidamente.  

La medición directa de la masa de J0920 sólo se pudo conseguir gracias al primer conjunto de reformas implementadas en GRAVITY+.  Dichas reformas han permitido a los astrónomos observar el gas débil y distante alrededor del agujero negro con una precisión nunca antes lograda, aplicando una técnica de seguimiento de franjas (wide-field, off-axis fringe tracking). La medición exacta de la masa de J0920 representa un primer paso para que los astrónomos logren comprender cómo los agujeros negros y las galaxias se desarrollaron al unísono, en una época en que el Universo sólo tenía un par de miles de millones de años y las galaxias aún se estaban formando. La nueva medición de masa de J0920, revela que el agujero negro es unas cuatro veces menos masivo de lo previsto dada la masa de su galaxia anfitriona, lo cual indica un retraso en el desarrollo del agujero negro si se compara con la galaxia circundante.  

GRAVITY+ utiliza interferometría para combinar la luz que llega a las cuatro Unidades de Telescopios (UT) de 8 metros que forman parte del VLTI. Una vez completado, incorporará tecnología de óptica adaptativa actualizada que permitirá corregir aún más el efecto borroso producido por la atmósfera de la Tierra, mejorando el contraste de las observaciones. GRAVITY+ también incorporará una nueva estrella guía láser en cada uno de los UT 1-3, y utilizará uno de los láseres ya instalados en UT4, para observar objetos más débiles y más distantes, superando lo que es posible en la actualidad.

Las actualizaciones a GRAVITY+ se están implementando gradualmente, para asegurar que sólo se produzcan interrupciones limitadas a las operaciones científicas del VLTI.  Asimismo, permite a los astrónomos probar continuamente el desempeño de GRAVITY+ a medida que entra en funcionamiento. Se prevé que el conjunto completo de actualizaciones finalizará en 2025. Las nuevas características favorecerán a todos los instrumentos actuales y futuros del VLTI y a los científicos que los emplean.

Información adicional

Este trabajo de investigación se ha presentado en un artículo científico titulado “A dynamical measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago” que se publicará en la revista Nature.

El equipo está compuesto por R. Abuter (European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany [ESO]), F. Allouche (Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France [Lagrange]), A. Amorim (Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Ciências, Portugal and Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal [CENTRA]), C. Bailet (Lagrange), A. Berdeu (Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France [LESIA]), J. P. Berger (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, France [UGA]), P. Berio (Lagrange), A. Bigioli (Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Belgium [KU Leuven]), O. Boebion (Lagrange), M.-L. Bolzer (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany [MPE], Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Germany [TUM] and Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, France [CRAL]), H. Bonnet (ESO), G. Bourdarot (MPE), P. Bourget (European Southern Observatory, Chile [ESO Chile]), W. Brandner (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Germany [MPIA]), Y. Cao (MPE), R. Conzelman (ESO), M. Comin (ESO), Y. Clénet (LESIA), B. Courtney-Barrer (ESO Chile and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, College of Science, Australian National University, Australia [ANU]), R. Davies (MPE), D. Defrère (KU Leuven), A. Delboulbé (UGA), F. Delplancke-Ströbele (ESO), R. Dembet (LESIA), J. Dexter (Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, JILA, University of Colorado, USA), P. T. de Zeeuw (Leiden University, The Netherlands), A. Drescher (MPE), A. Eckart (Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Germany [MPIfR] and 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Germany [Cologne]), C. Édouard (LESIA), F. Eisenhauer (MPE), M. Fabricius (MPE), H. Feuchtgruber (MPE), G. Finger (MPE), N. M. Förster Schreiber (MPE), P. Garcia (Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal [FEUP] and CENTRA), R. Garcia Lopez (School of Physics, University College Dublin, Ireland), F. Gao (MPIfR), E. Gendron (LESIA), R. Genzel (MPE and Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, USA), J.P. Gil (ESO Chile), S. Gillessen (MPE), T. Gomes (CENTRA and FEUP), F. Gonté (ESO), C. Gouvret (Lagrange), P. Guajardo (ESO Chile), S. Guieu (IPAG), W. Hackenberg (ESO), N. Haddad (ESO Chile), M. Hartl (MPE), X. Haubois (ESO Chile), F. Haußmann (MPE), G. Heißel (LESIA and Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, TEC-SF, ESTEC, The Netherlands), T. Henning (MPIA), S. Hippler (MPIA), S.F. Hönig (School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, UK [Southampton]), M. Horrobin (Cologne), N. Hubin (ESO), E. Jacqmart (Lagrange), L. Jocou (IPAG), A. Kaufer (ESO Chile), P. Kervella (LESIA), J. Kolb (ESO), H. Korhonen (ESO Chile), S. Lacour (ESO and LESIA), S. Lagarde (Lagrange), O. Lai (Lagrange), V. Lapeyrère (LESIA), R. Laugier (KU Leuven), J.-B. Le Bouquin (IPAG), J. Leftley (Lagrange), P. Léna (LESIA), S. Lewis (ESO), D. Liu (MPE), B. Lopez (Lagrange), D. Lutz (MPE), Y. Magnard (IPAG), F. Mang (MPE and TUM), A. Marcotto (Lagrange), D. Maurel (IPAG), A. Mérand (ESO), F. Millour (Lagrange), N. More (MPE), H. Netzer (School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Israel [TAU]), H. Nowacki (IPAG), M. Nowak (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, UK), S. Oberti (ESO), T. Ott (MPE), L. Pallanca (ESO Chile), T. Paumard (LESIA), K. Perraut (IPAG), G. Perrin (LESIA), R. Petrov (Lagrange), O. Pfuhl (ESO), N. Pourré (IPAG), S. Rabien (MPE), C. Rau (MPE), M. Riquelme (ESO), S. Robbe-Dubois (Lagrange), S. Rochat (IPAG), M. Salman (KU Leuven), J. Sanchez-Bermudez (Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico and MPIA), D.J.D. Santos (MPE), S. Scheithauer (MPIA), M. Schöller (ESO), J. Schubert (MPE), N. Schuhler (ESO Chile), J. Shangguan (MPE), P. Shchekaturov (ESO), T.T. Shimizu (MPE), A. Sevin (LESIA), F. Soulez (CRAL), A. Spang (Lagrange), E. Stadler (IPAG), A. Sternberg (TAU and Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, USA), C. Straubmeier (Cologne), E. Sturm (MPE), C. Sykes (Southampton), L.J. Tacconi (MPE), K.R.W. Tristram (ESO Chile), F. Vincent (LESIA), S. von Fellenberg (MPIfR), S. Uysal (MPE), F. Widmann (MPE), E. Wieprecht (MPE), E. Wiezorrek (MPE), J. Woillez (ESO), and G. Zins (ESO).

Las actualizaciones a GRAVITY+ son diseñadas y construidas por las siguientes instituciones, junto con ESO:

  • Instituto Max Planck de Física Extraterrestre; Instituto Max Planck de Astronomía; Universidad de Colonia (Alemania).
  • Instituto Nacional de Ciencias del Universo, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Francia; Instituto de Planetología y Astrofísica de Grenoble; Laboratorio de Estudios Espaciales e Instrumentación en Astrofísica; Laboratorio Lagrange; Centro de Investigación en Astrofísica de Lyon (Francia).
  • Instituto Superior Técnico, Centro de Astrofísica y Gravitación; Universidad de Lisboa; Universidad de Porto (Portugal)
  • Universidad de Southampton (Reino Unido)
  • Universidad Católica de Lovaina (Bélgica).

Enlaces

Contactos

Taro Shimizu
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Garching bei München, Germany
Emai: shimizu@mpe.mpg.de

Antoine Mérand
VLTI Programme Scientist at ESO
Garching bei München, Germany
Email: amerand@eso.org

Bárbara Ferreira
ESO Media Manager
Garching bei München, Germany
Tel: +49 89 3200 6670
Cell: +49 151 241 664 00
Email: press@eso.org

 

Sobre el anuncio

Identificador:ann24002

Imágenes

Cálculo del peso de agujeros negros con GRAVITY+
Cálculo del peso de agujeros negros con GRAVITY+
Instrumento GRAVITY
Instrumento GRAVITY

Videos

ción de la trayectoria de un rayo de luz a través de GRAVITY
ción de la trayectoria de un rayo de luz a través de GRAVITY

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