Zprávy

Dráha Proximy Centauri

22. prosince 2016

Zájem o náš sousední hvězdný systém Alfa Centauri se výrazně zvýšil od nedávného objevu planety Proxima b s hmotností podobnou Zemi, která obíhá kolem Proximy Centauri, třetí - a Slunci nejbližší - hvězdy systému. Ačkoli se zdá, že pár větších hvězd, Alfa Centauri A a B, má vlastní pohyb podobný menší a slabší Proximě Centauri, nikdy nebylo dokázáno, že tyto tři hvězdy opravdu tvoří jeden, gravitačně vázaný trojitý systém.

V současnosné době tři astronomové, Pierre Kervella, Frédéric Thévenin a Christophe Lovis, došli k závěru, že ony tři hvězdy skutečně tvoří vázaný systém. Ve století, které následovalo po objevu Proximy, bylo kvůli nízké jasnosti hvězdy velmi obtížné spolehlivě změřit její radiální rychlost (rychlost, se kterou se pohybuje od Země). Ale přístroj ESO HARPS, určený pro detekci planet, poskytl extrémně přesná měření radiální rychlosti Proximy Centauri. A ještě větší přesnost se dá dosáhnout při započtení dalších slabých efektů[1].

Ve výsledku byli astronomové schopni odvodit velmi podobné hodnoty radiálních rychlostí pro dvojici Alfa Centauri a pro Proximu Centauri, což podporuje teorii o vázaném systému. Výpočet dráh tří hvězd systému s použitím nejnovějším měření ukazuje, že relativní rychlost mezi Proximou a dvojicí Alfa Centauri je hluboko pod limitem, nad kterým by systém nebyl gravitačně vázaný.

Tento výsledek má podstatné důsledky pro naše porozumění systému Alfa Centauri a jeho tvorbě planet. Je velmi pravděpodobné, že Proxima Centauri a dvojice hvězd Alfa Centauri mají stejný věk (asi 6 miliard let) a to je na oplátku dobrý odhad stáří planety Proxima b.

Astronomové spekulují, že se planety okolo Proximy Centauri mohla vytvořit na výstřednější dráze sahající do větších vzdálenost od hvězdy a na své současné místo velmi blízko k hvězdě se dostala díky blízkému průchodu Proximy kolem jejích sourozenců v dvojici Alfa Centauri. Alternativně, planeta se mohla zformovat kolem dvojice Alfa Centauri a později byla gravitačně zachycena Proximou. Pokud je jedna z těchto hypotéz pravdivá, je možné, že planeta bývala ledovým světem, který roztál a nyní má na povrchu tekutou vodu.

Poznámky
[1]Měření radiálních rychlostí hvězd se provádělo pozorování specifických rysů v jejich světle, kterým se říká spektrální čáry. Některé fyzikální jevy mohou ovlivnit pozorovanou vlnovou délku těchto čar, což vede k nesprávnému měření rychlostí. Má-li hvězda nestabilní povrch, může vzniknout konvektivní modrý posuv, zatímco její gravitace může vést ke gravitačnímu rudému posuvu.

Další informace
Vědecký výzkum je popsán v článku, který vyjde v časopise Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Vědecký tým: P. Kervella, CNRS UMI 3386, University of Chile a LESIA, Paris Observatory; F. Thévenin, Côte d'Azur Observatory, Francie; a Christophe Lovis, Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Švýcarsko.

O zprávě

Id:ann16089

Obrázky

Orbital plot of Proxima Centauri
Orbital plot of Proxima Centauri
pouze anglicky

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