El eclipse

Un eclipse total de Sol es uno de los fenómenos naturales más hermosos. Dichos eclipses se producen cada 14 meses en promedio y permiten ver de manera directa la misteriosa silueta de la atmósfera superior del Sol, denominada corona, además de muchas otras características maravillosas que generalmente se encuentran ocultas.

Un eclipse ocurre debido a los tamaños y distancias precisas de nuestra Luna y el Sol, y su danza periódica con la Tierra. La inclinación de la órbita lunar con respecto a la trayectoria aparente del Sol durante un año permite una alineación directa entre la Luna, la Tierra y el Sol cada seis ciclos lunares. Sólo cada catorce ciclos lunares se bloquea totalmente el disco del Sol, desde la perspectiva de la Tierra. Los eclipses totales son los más espectaculares y hermosos, entre las diversas categorías de eclipses solares que existen.

El tipo de eclipse y su duración también dependen de la precisión de la alineación y las distancias del Sol y la Luna en relación con la Tierra. Mayor información acerca de la geometría de los eclipses solares se encuentra aquí.

Desde la cumbre de La Silla, el eclipse solar total de 2019 tendrá una duración de 1 minuto y 52 segundos. El Sol se pondrá justo cuando termine todo el eclipse y la culminación de la totalidad ocurrirá cuando el Sol esté a solo 13 grados sobre el horizonte. Además de los bellos colores del cielo que se producirán al atardecer, el ángulo bajo del Sol significará que la sombra lunar podría crear una forma de "U" única en la atmósfera. Esta forma solamente se produce cuando el eclipse ocurre muy cerca del horizonte.

Evento 02.07.2019

Horario Local Chile CLT

Horario UT

Horario CEST

Alt

Az

LC (s)

Inicio eclipse parcial (C1)

15:23:50.8

19:23:50.8

21:23:50.8

25.5°

319.8°

Inicio eclipse total (C2)

16:39:23.6

20:39:23.6

22:39:23.6

13.5°

306.5°

-0.5

Máximo del eclipse

16:40:19.6

20:40:19.6

22:40:19.6

13.3°

306.4°

Termino eclipse total (C3)

16:41:15.3

20:41:15.3

22:41:15.3

13.2°

306.2°

-5.7

Termino eclipse parcial (C4)

17:47:16.1

21:47:16.1

23:47:16.1

00.9°

297.2°

Atardecer

18:04:00.0

22:04:00.0

00:04:00.0 + 1d

00.0

296.5°

Duración, totalidad

01:51.7

01:46.5

El eclipse solar total de 2019 también será visible desde el Observatorio Interamericano Cerro Tololo y el Observatorio Cerro Pachón. Además, el Observatorio Las Campanas que se encuentra justo fuera del sendero de la totalidad, verá un eclipse solar parcial.

Los eclipses solares son más que un espectáculo impresionante de la naturaleza, ya que también ofrecen oportunidades para experimentos científicos. Un eclipse solar total permitió a Sir Frank Watson Dyson y Sir Arthur Eddington probar que los objetos masivos tuercen la luz de acuerdo con la teoría general de la relatividad de Einstein. Este evento, conocido como "La Expedición Eddington", celebra su centenario en 2019. Hoy en día, los investigadores pueden estudiar la física de la atmósfera solar superior y los cambios en los lugares afectados por el eclipse utilizando instrumentos digitales y astronómicos de gran precisión. Además de coincidir con el aniversario de la expedición de Eddington de 1919, el eclipse tendrá lugar en el 50° aniversario del Observatorio La Silla y el aniversario 100 de la Unión Astronómica Internacional.

eso1822h

Composición de imágenes del eclipse total de Sol del 13 de noviembre de 2012. Crédito: P. Horálek/ESO

El clima

La probabilidad de un cielo totalmente despejado en La Silla durante julio es del 40%. Hay un 55% de posibilidades de que el cielo esté parcialmente despejado. Hay más de un 30% de probabilidad de que el día esté muy nublado. La probabilidad de que haya un cielo despejado en La Silla es mucho más alta que en la mayoría de las otras partes que también experimentarán el eclipse.

La visualización del eclipse solar total dependerá del clima, por lo cual ESO no garantiza que el eclipse será visible. ESO organizará actividades alternativas en el Observatorio La Silla, en caso de que día esté nublado. Rogamos tener en cuenta que las entradas se reembolsarán solamente si el evento se debe cancelar por condiciones meteorológicas adversas, desastres naturales o cualquier otro evento que pueda comprometer la seguridad de las personas. Para mayor información, consulte el enlace aquí.

Listado de eclipses solares totales en las instalaciones de ESO (años 1700–2500)

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