Tisková zpráva

Dvojitý záblesk

Nejjasnější gama záblesk poskytl množství informací o explozích hvězd

10. září 2008

Astronomové z celého světa se zkombinovali informace získané z pozemních i družicových pozorování, aby porozuměli nejjasnější pozorované explozi v naší historii. Zpracování dat odhalilo, že výtrysk (jet) gama záblesku GRB 080319B byl namířen přímo na Zemi.

Záblesk GRB 080319B byl natolik intenzivní, že jsme jej teoreticky mohli pozorovat i neozbrojenýma očima, přestože se od nás nacházel ve vzdálenosti poloviny celého vesmíru (eso0808). Ve vydání časopisu Nature ze dne 11. září informuje Judith Racusin z Penn State University v Pensylvánii (USA) spolu s dalšími 92 spoluautory o zaznamenání události v celém elektromagnetickém spektru. K dispozici jsou data z období 30 minut před výbuchem až několik měsíců po něm. Dospěli jsme k závěru, že za jedinečnou jasnost záblesku může jet materiálu vržený téměř přímo k Zemi, a to rychlostí, která se blížila rychlosti světla. Odchylka od světelné rychlosti byla pouze 1/20000 c ,“ říká člen týmu Guido Chincarini.

Gama záblesky jsou považovány za nejjasnější exploze ve vesmíru. Nejčastěji doprovázejí závěr života hvězdy, když ji dojde termonukleární palivo. Při zhroucení hvězdy vznikají černé díry anebo neutronové hvězdy. Zhroucení je doprovázeno vznikem mocného výtrysku plynu. Mechanismus jeho vzniku není zatím zcela znám. Jak výtrysk vyráží do okolního prostoru, sráží se s dříve odvrženým plynem, zahřívá jej a rozzáří.

Výše zmíněná skupina vědců se domnívá, že jet, který zasáhl Zemi obsahoval ultra rychlou složku o šířce 0,4° (což je téměř šířka Měsíčního kotouče v úplňku). Ultra rychlá složka byla součástí jetu s nižší energií, jenž byl 20 krát širší.

Širší složka je u jiných záblesků typická. Snad každý gama záblesk obsahuje užší jet, ten nás ale většinou mine,“ říká člen týmu Stefano Covino. „Na druhém konci hlavně úzkého energetického jetu jsme měli možnost spatřit skutečné monstrum. Taková příležitost se naskytne jednou za desetiletí,“ dodává Cristiano Guidorzi.

GRB 080319B v souhvězdí Pastevce jako první detekoval satelit NASA/STFC/ASI Swift. Pozemní dalekohledy rychle zareagovaly a začaly objekt studovat. Mezi nimi byl také VLT/ESO. Ten jako první určil vzdálenost objektu na 7,5 miliard světelných let. Ve viditelném světle zaznamenala záblesk celosvětová síť širokoúhlých kamer, umístěných na dalekohledech, neustále sledujících věští část oblohy. Jedním z nich byla kamera TORTORA, jež je součástí 0,6 m dalekohledu REM na observatoři La Silla (ESO TP 26/2007). Díky rychlé odezvě poskytla TORTORA dosud nejpodrobnější záznam viditelného světla, které doprovází vzplanutí gama záblesku. „Na něco takového jsme čekali velice dlouho,“ říká obsluha kamery Grigory Beskin z ruské Special Astrophysical Observatory. Právě díky datům nashromážděným pomocí kamery TORTORA a satelitu Swift mohli astronomové celou událost vysvětlit.

 

Poznámky

Read more on this illuminating blast in the additional PDF file.

Racusin, J. L. et al. 2008, Broadband observations of the naked-eye gamma-ray burst GRB 080319B, Nature, 11 September 2008.
The TORTORA camera is mounted on the Italian REM telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. It was built and is being operated by a collaboration between Italy's Bologna State University and Brera Observatory and Russia's Special Astrophysical Observatory and Institute of Precise Instrumentation. The REM team is composed of G. Chincarini, E. Molinari, F.M. Zerbi, L.A. Antonelli, S. Covino, P. Conconi, L. Nicastro, E. Palazzi, M. Stefanon, V. Testa, G. Tosti, F. Vitali, A. Monfardini, F. D'Alessio, P. D'Avanzo, D. Fugazza, G. Malaspina, S.D. Vergani, S. Campana, P. Goldoni, D. Guetta, N. Masetti, E.J.A. Meurs, L. Norci, E. Pian, A. Fernandez-Soto, L. Stella, G. Tagliaferri, G. Ihle, L. Gonzalez, A. Pizarro, P. Sinclair, and J. Valenzuela.
The TORTORA team comprises G. Beskin, S. Karpov, S. Bondar, A Guarnieri (TORTORA Italian PI), C. Bartolini, G. Greco, A. Piccioni, D. Nanni, F. Terra, and E. Molinari.

Swift is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. It was built and is being operated in collaboration with Penn State, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and General Dynamics in the U.S.; Brera Observatory and the Italian Space Agency in Italy; the University of Leicester and Mullard Space Science Laboratory in the United Kingdom; plus partners in Germany and Japan.

 

Kontakty

Guido Chincarini
University of Miliano Bicocca and INAF-Brera
Miliano Bicocca, Italy
Tel.: +39 039 597 10 74
Mobil: +39 340 280 36 12
Email: guido.chincarini@brera.inaf.it

Stefano Covino
University of Miliano Bicocca and INAF-Brera
Miliano Bicocca, Italy

Cristiano Guidorzi
University of Miliano Bicocca and INAF-Brera
Miliano Bicocca, Italy

Anežka Srbljanović (press contact Česko)
ESO Science Outreach Network a Astronomical Institute of Czech Academy of Sciences
Tel.: +420 323 620 116
Email: eson-czech@eso.org

Connect with ESO on social media

Toto je překlad tiskové zprávy ESO eso0828. ESON -- ESON (ESO Science Outreach Network) je skupina spolupracovníku z jednotlivých členských zemí ESO, jejichž úkolem je sloužit jako kontaktní osoby pro lokální média.

O zprávě

Tiskové zpráva č.:eso0828cs
Legacy ID:PR 28/08
Jméno:GRB 080319B
Typ:Early Universe : Cosmology : Phenomenon : Gamma Ray Burst
Facility:Rapid Eye Mount telescope, Very Large Telescope

Obrázky

The double firing burst (artist's impression)
The double firing burst (artist's impression)
pouze anglicky

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