Ciencia DIY “hazlo tú mism@” — ¿se esconde Próxima c en este gráfico?

Esta inusual imagen de la semana presenta los últimos datos recogidos por el cazador de exoplanetas de ESO, HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, buscador de planetas de alta precisión por velocidad radial), durante la actual campaña Red Dots (puntos rojos), una búsqueda de planetas terrestres alrededor de las tres estrellas enanas rojas más cercanas: Próxima Centauri, la Estrella de Barnard y Ross 154. La campaña fue lanzada a principios de 2017 tras el descubrimiento, en 2016, de Próxima b  alrededor de nuestra vecina estelar más cercana, Próxima Centauri. Red Dot se ha diseñado como un experimento de ciencia abierto, lo que significa que el público tiene acceso a los datos y puede incluso contribuir con observaciones. ¿Puedes ver aquí un nuevo exoplaneta?

Trazando cuidadosamente el movimiento de una estrella a lo largo del tiempo, gráficos como estos puede revelar las huellas dactilares de los exoplanetas. Igual que una estrella tira de los planetas que la orbitan a través de la gravedad, los planetas tiran de la estrella, haciendo que esta se bambolee y la longitud de onda de su luz se desplace de un modo pequeño pero mensurable. Mediante el análisis de los cambios predecibles y repetitivos, los astrónomos pueden inferir la presencia de un planeta. La parte superior izquierda del gráfico muestra los datos de 2016 que confirmaron la existencia de Próxima b, mostrando cómo el planeta hace que su estrella, Próxima Centauri, se mueva acercándose y alejándose de la Tierra a lo largo del tiempo. La línea curva representa la señal bamboleante de la estrella, con el patrón regular del cambio de velocidades radiales (RV) repitiéndose cada 11,2 días.

El gráfico superior derecho muestra las nuevas mediciones hechas con HARPS durante la campaña Red Dots. Los nuevos datos confirma una vez más la señal de Próxima b (en amarillo), pero también incluye patrones de datos adicionales, visibles aquí como una cuesta hacia abajo tanto para los datos del 2016 como para los del 2017, así quetal vez haya más cosas por descubrir. Para hacer una declaración más firme sobre lo que puede estar causando estos patrones, los astrónomos necesitan usar herramientas matemáticas cuantitativas.

Una de estas herramientas matemáticas es el periodograma, que busca señales repetidas en los datos (en la imagen aparecen como picos prominentes) que indican la presencia de un planeta. El gráfico del panel inferior muestra el periodograma de los nuevos datos: la primera señal (en blanco) corresponde a Próxima b. Los patrones vistos en los anteriores paneles producen un segundo conjunto de periodos posible (en rojo) de alrededor de ~ 200 días. La presencia de múltiples picos de alturas similares significa que una señal no puede ser localizada con precisión y que su origen sigue siendo incierto.

El proyecto seguirá tomando medidas hasta finales de septiembre de este año. Puedesseguir el despliegue de la campaña Red Dots e incluso contribuir con observaciones a través de la Página Web de Red Dots o de las cuentas de Facebook y Twitter.

Crédito:

ESO/G. Anglada-Escudé

Sobre la imagen

Identificador:potw1737a
Idioma:es-cl
Tipo:Mapa
Fecha de publicación:11 de Septiembre de 2017 a las 11:55
Tamaño:3916 x 3278 px

Sobre el objeto

Nombre:Proxima Centauri
Tipo:Milky Way : Star : Circumstellar Material : Planetary System
Distancia:4 años luz

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