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25 años de increíble ciencia e ingeniería con el Very Large Telescope (VLT) del ESO.

25 de Mayo de 2023

El Very Large Telescope (VLT) del ESO, uno de los telescopios ópticos más avanzados del mundo, celebra hoy su 25 aniversario. Durante las últimas dos décadas y media, desde su ubicación en el desierto de Atacama en Chile, el VLT ha tenido un profundo impacto en nuestra comprensión del Universo, logrando varios hitos destacables.

El VLT de ESO es la instalación insignia de la astronomía terrestre óptica europea. Está compuesto por cuatro Telescopios Unitarios con espejos principales de 8,2 metros de diámetro y cuatro Telescopios Auxiliares móviles de 1,8 metros que forman parte del Interferómetro del VLT. El 25 de mayo de 1998, el Telescopio Unitario UT1 (Antu) obtuvo sus primeras imágenes, marcando así el comienzo de una nueva era para la astronomía.

Desde entonces, los astrónomos han producido más de 10 000 artículos científicos utilizando datos recopilados por los telescopios del VLT, lo que equivale a más de un artículo revisado por pares por día en promedio. Algunas de las investigaciones clave realizadas con la ayuda del VLT incluyen el estudio del agujero negro supermasivo en el centro de la Vía Láctea y el descubrimiento de la expansión acelerada del Universo, ambos galardonados con el Premio Nobel. Otros hallazgos importantes incluyen la primera imagen directa de un planeta fuera de nuestro Sistema Solar y la caracterización del primer contraparte visible de una fuente de ondas gravitacionales.

Las notables contribuciones del VLT a la ciencia han sido posibles gracias a su conjunto de instrumentos avanzados. Uno de los instrumentos más versátiles y solicitados por la comunidad astronómica es el FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph (FORS), que puede capturar imágenes de áreas relativamente grandes del cielo con una sensibilidad muy alta. De hecho, FORS ha capturado algunas de las imágenes astronómicas más icónicas con el VLT. Otro instrumento versátil es el Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), un espectrógrafo potente que permite a los astrónomos crear vistas tridimensionales del Universo. El VLT también alberga X-shooter, que se utiliza para observar una amplia gama de objetos astronómicos, desde los más tenues hasta los más brillantes. GRAVITY, un instrumento del Interferómetro del VLT, también es particularmente único, ya que combina la luz de cuatro telescopios y la estabiliza, lo que permite a los astrónomos captar detalles minúsculos en objetos muy tenues.

Además de sus instrumentos multifacéticos, el VLT incluye un sistema avanzado de óptica adaptativa para corregir el desenfoque causado por la turbulencia atmosférica. Su sistema de cuatro láseres, instalado en el Telescopio Unitario 4 (Yepun) y utilizado para excitar átomos de sodio en la atmósfera, es quizás la característica más visible de la Instalación de Óptica Adaptativa del VLT. Los átomos excitados por los láseres emiten luz que se ve afectada por la atmósfera de la misma manera que la luz emitida por las estrellas reales. La luz emitida es recogida por el telescopio y puede ser utilizada por el sistema de óptica adaptativa para medir las distorsiones introducidas por la atmósfera y corregirlas. Este sistema avanzado, combinado con las excelentes condiciones de cielo oscuro del desierto de Atacama, garantiza que el telescopio pueda obtener imágenes extremadamente nítidas.

Aún en la vanguardia de la ciencia y la ingeniería, se espera que el VLT continúe realizando descubrimientos clave en los próximos años. Una mejora en curso es la implementación de una estrella guía láser en los Telescopios Unitarios 1, 2 y 3, como parte de las actualizaciones al instrumento GRAVITY.

ESO celebrará el VLT en sus redes sociales esta semana, y mantente atento al nuevo programa de YouTube de ESO, llamado "Chasing Starlight", que destacará algunos de los principales descubrimientos del VLT en su primer episodio.

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Imágenes

This image shows the Paranal plaftorm with the telescopes that make up ESO’s Very Large Telescope atop it. In the background we see clouds surrounding the Paranal mountain, and the setting sun on the left.
The VLT above the clouds on the Paranal platform
solo en inglés
VLT: ayer y hoy
VLT: ayer y hoy
This image shows the platform on the top of Paranal mountain with the telescopes that make up ESO’s Very Large Telescope. The sky beyond the mountain top is a bright blue colour, turning gradually more orange as it meets the horizon. On the left of the image, three white, spherical Auxiliary telescopes can be seen. Behind them, and to the right, stand the large structure of the Unit telescopes. The image is bathed in bright sunlight coming from the left hand side.
The VLT on the Paranal platform
solo en inglés
This image shows the platform on the top of Paranal mountain with the telescopes that make up ESO’s Very Large Telescope. In the background we see clouds surrounding the Paranal mountain, and the setting Sun coming down in the picture’s centre. On the right of the image, three large cylindrical structures of the Unit Telescopes can be seen. While on the left four spherical auxiliary telescopes are positioned.
Sunset view of ESO’s Very Large Telescope
solo en inglés
Central in the image is the Unit Telescope 4 of ESO’s Very Large Telescope, standing in front of a starry night sky. The telescope is cylindrical in shape, with several openings on its side. From the top of the structure, four orange laser beams shoot out into the sky, converging at a single point. The sky is full of stars. Some of the stars are much brighter than others and there is a particularly bright area off to the right of the telescope. Most of the stars are white or blue in colour, although some have a more orange colour, particularly those near the horizon.
VLT’s lasers and the stunning dark skies of the Atacama Desert
solo en inglés

Videos

ESO’s VLT then and now
ESO’s VLT then and now
solo en inglés
ESO’s VLT 2022 raw video compilation
ESO’s VLT 2022 raw video compilation
solo en inglés
Los 5 principales descubrimientos de los últimos 25 años — gracias al VLT (Chasing Starlight 1)
Los 5 principales descubrimientos de los últimos 25 años — gracias al VLT (Chasing Starlight 1)

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