This is the home page for the FLAMES solar spectra. Data were collected
with the Medusa1/2 and the Argus fibre systems of the Giraffe spectrograph,
and with the echelle spectrograph UVES, both mounted
at the VLT 8.2m UT2/Kueyen telescope. The set of measurements completely covers all high-resolution and
low-resolution settings of these fibre systems.
The data are meant to provide, per Giraffe and UVES setup, a reference for achievable
resolution, and a template for subtraction of sky/solar contamination.
The data were acquired on six nights between 2004-09-26 and 2004-12-02:
DATE |
GIRAFFE settings |
resolving power |
UVES settings |
2004-09-26 |
Medusa2
HR379.0 - HR572.8 |
19,000 |
580 nm |
2004-09-28 |
Medusa1
HR599.3 - HR920.5 |
19,000 |
520nm, 580nm, 860nm |
2004-10-11 |
Medusa1
LR385.7 - LR881.7 |
7,000 |
580nm |
2004-11-26 |
Argus
LR379.0 - LR881.7 | 11,000 |
|
2004-11-30 | Argus
HR379.0 - HR548.8 | 30,000 |
|
2004-12-02 | Argus
HR504.8 - HR920.5 | 30,000 |
|
Detailed information about the instrument is found here.
The spectra were acquired on the evening twilight sky ("twilight flats"). All fibres
were illuminated with scattered solar light. The integration time is
indicated in the plots.
Data reduction
Giraffe
The data were processed with the standard GIRAFFE pipeline, using calibration raw and product files taken at most a few days
after the twilight spectra.
The data processing included:
- bias subtraction,
- fibre localization and extraction (using average extraction) of the flat
field,
- fibre extraction (using average extraction) of the sky exposures,
- division by the extracted flat (providing correction of fibre transmission, fibre-to-fibre
transmission variation, fringing)
- wavelength calibration,
- rebinning.
Find more about data reduction with the GIRAFFE pipeline here.
All spectra are named by the tag "GI_SRBS" (which stands for "rebinned GIRAFFE
spectrum"), with timestap and setup information added. Each GI_SRBS file has a
GI_SRBE counterpart where "E" stands for error and contains the extraction
error (standard deviation). Dividing both files by each other yields the
per-fibre signal-to-noise ratio.
UVES
The spectra were reduced using the standard FLAMES-UVES pipeline and
calibration data usually taken a few days before or after the observations.
The reduction steps include: signal extraction per fibre, flat-fielding, fibre
efficiency correction, wavelength calibration, and merging of orders. More
information about FLAMES-UVES data reduction can be found
here.
How to use
Giraffe
Per setup, plots are either organized as "1. Overview", or as "2. Details". Use the top horizontal navigation bar to switch between both.
The overview part has:
- the mean spectrum, averaged across all fibres with signal (Medusa: about
128; Argus: about 310), excluding the 5 SIMCAL fibres
- the signal from a selected fibre, about the middle one
Both spectra are plotted as signal (panel a) and as signal/noise (S2N, b) where 'noise' is the standard deviation.
The S2N for the averaged spectrum is calculated from the S2N for the signal fibre by multiplication with sqrt(n_fib).
The 'details' part shows the central fibre spectrum only, distributed across four panels in order to show the full spectrum.
In both plot sets, telluric absorption lines are marked redward of about 600 nm. These data are taken from a yet unpublished atlas
of telluric absorption lines, derived from UVES telluric standard star data.
The UVES data were taken at higher resolution (R = 50,000). The list has been selected to show only the
lines deeper than 95% of the UVES continuum.
This line list is used to mark potential telluric lines in the GIRAFFE data (by blue vertical bars).
The fringing redwards of about 750 nm has been completely removed by the flat
fielding process. It remains visible in the S2N plot, because of the
extraction error file precisely recording the error variations due to
fringing. The fringing is most prominent in the single-fibre S2N plot, and is
smeared out in the fibre-averaged plot.
All spectra are plotted on an approximate flux scale which still contains the
ratio of solar spectral slope and lamp efficiency.
Some spectra show in their overview plot a curvature towards their red end
(averaged plot only, no. 1). This is due to the slit curvature resulting in a
shorter spectral range for the first and the last fibres. Hence the longest
wavelengths in these spectra have only a few fibres contributing to the
signal. This effect is of course not visible in the single-fibre plot (no.
2).
The horizontal navigation bar links to:
- the corresponding 'details' or 'overview' plot,
- the corresponding postscript file,
- the fits file with the data,
- the error fits file,
- and the tar file which has all spectra and error files.
UVES
The plots are organized per central wavelength and per CCD (lower/upper chip
of UVES). For each combination of wavelength and CCD, an overview plot and
five detailed plots are available. They can be reached using the vertical
navigation bar. Telluric absorption lines are marked redward of about 600 nm.
See above for more details.
The overview plots show the extracted spectrum of one fibre from one well
exposed observation. The spectra have been rebinned to 0.1 Å resolution and
are splitted over five panels for clarity.
The detailed plots are indicated by their first wavelength in the vertical
navigation bar. They contain an average over all observations of the same
setting from one night (26 September 2004 for 580 nm, 28 September for 520 and
860 nm) and across the fibres. Due to the inclination of the fibre traces on
the chip, the available wavelength region is slightly different for each
fibre. Therefore, only a selected number of fibres has been used for averaging
in order to minimize artefacts at the edges.
Some gaps in the extracted spectra are present redward of 940 nm due to
non-overlapping spectral orders and reduction artefacts.
The horizontal navigation bar links to:
- the corresponding postscript file,
- the fits file with the data,
- the error fits file (overview plots only),
- and the tar file which has all spectra and error files.
The atlas
This atlas is the result of a joint effort between Paranal Science Operations
(principal investigator: Jonathan Smoker and the Kueyen team; data
acquisition) and QC Garching (Reinhard Hanuschik and Burkhard Wolff, data reduction and presentation).