%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % STANDARD FORMAT FOR SCIENCE CASES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Should you have any questions please contact either % Alvio Renzini (arenzini@eso.org) or % Bruno Leibundgut (bleibundgut@eso.org) % % Documentation on the planned instrumentation for the VLT can be % obtained from ESO (ask your friendly coordinator or one of the above). % %!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! % % Look for a group of exclamation marks ('!!!!') for places to be % filled in this template form % %!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! % SCIENCE CASES documents should inclide the following: % % % 1) A Scientific Rationale, up to two TEX pages. % The discussion should also address the possible impact of current research % before the VLT will start operating. % % The above is needed for ... % % 2) A Description of the proposed observations. Including an estimate of % the total observing time required to achieve the scientific goal. % Possible La Silla observations that may be needed to prepare for the VLT % observations could also me mentioned and quantified. % % The above is needed for .... % % 3) List the technical requirements to accomplish the scientific goal. % (e.g., pointing, tracking, image quality, troughput, etc.). % Identify and quantitatively discuss the critical performances of the VLT % and the instruments that are required to achieve the science goal. % % 4) A list of calibration requirements. % % 5) Identify the limits of first generation instruments for the specific % science case, all the way from simple items (e.g., the filter list) % to the whole instrumentation plan ... (No more than half a page). % % 6) No target list required at this stage. % % 7) Deadline: April 30, 1996, please indicate by January 20 your % intent to supply a test case % % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % LaTeX perliminaries % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \documentstyle[11pt]{article} \oddsidemargin -8pt \evensidemargin -8pt \marginparsep 0pt \topmargin -53pt \topskip 0pt \headheight 0pt \headsep -1pt \footheight 0pt \footskip 0pt \textheight 800pt \textwidth 500pt \columnsep 10pt \columnseprule 0pt \parindent 0pt \pagestyle{empty} \flushbottom %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Here we start the document % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{document} % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % First we have to define some commands to ease the handling of % the form % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % definition of casetitle % \newcommand{\casetitle}[1]{ \large \fbox{\bf Title:} \par \vspace*{6pt} {\sc #1 } \vspace*{24pt} \normalsize\par } % % definition of name % \newcommand{\name}[1]{ \parbox[t]{250pt}{ \fbox{\bf Name:}\par \vspace*{6pt} #1 \par} } % % definition of address % \newcommand{\address}[1]{ \ \ \parbox[t]{250pt}{ \fbox{\bf Address:}\par \vspace*{6pt} #1 \par} } % % definition of phone % \newcommand{\phone}[1]{ %\vspace*{12pt} \parbox[t]{250pt}{ \fbox{\bf Phone:}\par \vspace*{6pt} #1 \par} } % % definition of email % \newcommand{\email}[1]{ \ \ \parbox[t]{250pt}{ \fbox{\bf E-mail:}\par \vspace*{6pt} #1 }\par } % % definition of collaborators % \newcommand{\collaborators}[1]{ \vspace*{24pt} \fbox{\bf Collaborators:}\par \vspace*{6pt} #1 \par} % % definition of coordinator % \newcommand{\coordinator}[1]{ \vspace*{24pt} \fbox{\bf ESO Coordinator:}\par \vspace*{6pt} #1 \par} % % definition of rationale % \newcommand{\rationale}[1]{ \vspace*{12pt} \fbox{\bf Scientific Rationale:} \par \scriptsize \parbox[t]{480pt}{ Up to two pages.\par\noindent The possible impact of current research before the VLT will start operating should also be addressed. VLT Science Cases will have to evolve so as to remain competitive in their field of research. The above is needed to scientifically justify the requirements below.} \normalsize \par \vspace{4pt} #1 } % % definition of observations % \newcommand{\observations}[1]{ \vspace*{12pt} \hspace*{6pt} {\bf Proposed Observations:}\par\noindent \scriptsize \hspace*{6pt} \parbox{480pt}{ Describe the proposed observations. Indicate the instrument and instrument modes, filters, gratings, etc. Include an estimate of the total observing time required to achieve the scientific goal. Possible La Silla observations that may be needed to prepare for the VLT observations could also me mentioned and quantified. The above is needed to provide facts to orient ESO policy (e.g. the OPC) about the expected needs for small, medium, and large projects. } \normalsize \par \vspace*{-52pt} \unitlength 1pt \begin{picture}(500,380)(0,0) \put(0,0){\framebox(500,380)[tl]{ \parbox[b]{1pt}{\vspace*{62pt} \hfill } \\ \parbox[t]{480pt}{ #1 }}} \end{picture}\par } % % definition of techniques % \newcommand{\techniques}[1]{ \vspace*{12pt} \hspace*{6pt} {\bf Technical Description of the Observations:}\par\noindent \scriptsize \hspace*{6pt} \parbox{480pt}{ List the technical requirements to accomplish the scientific goal. (e.g., pointing, tracking, image quality, troughput, etc.). Identify and quantitatively discuss the critical performances of the VLT, its instruments, and its operations that are required to achieve the science goal. } \normalsize \par \vspace*{-42pt} \unitlength 1pt \begin{picture}(500,380)(0,0) \put(0,0){\framebox(500,380)[tl]{ \parbox[b]{1pt}{\vspace*{52pt} \hfill } \\ \parbox[t]{480pt}{ #1 }}} \end{picture}\par } % % definition of calibration % \newcommand{\calibration}[1]{ \vspace*{12pt} \hspace*{8pt} {\bf Calibration Needs:}\par\noindent \scriptsize \hspace*{8pt} \parbox{480pt}{ Describe the required calibrations (type, accuracy, etc.) to achieve the science goal. } \normalsize \par \vspace*{-28pt} \unitlength 1pt \begin{picture}(500,380)(0,0) \put(0,0){\framebox(500,380)[tl]{ \parbox[b]{1pt}{\vspace*{38pt} \hfill } \\ \parbox[t]{480pt}{ #1 }}} \end{picture}\par } % % definition of limitations % \newcommand{\limitations}[1]{ \vspace*{12pt} \hspace*{8pt} {\bf Limitation of Instrumentation and Program Extensions:}\par\noindent \scriptsize \hspace*{8pt} \parbox{480pt}{ Identify the limits of first generation instruments for the specific science case, all the way from simple items (e.g., missing filters) to the whole instrumentation plan. If appropriate, discuss to which extent the planned VLT instrumentation will be competitive to that of other 8m class telescopes. } \normalsize \par \vspace*{-42pt} \unitlength 1pt \begin{picture}(500,380)(0,0) \put(0,0){\framebox(500,380)[tl]{ \parbox[b]{1pt}{\vspace*{52pt} \hfill } \\ \parbox[t]{480pt}{ #1 }}} \end{picture}\par } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % End of command definitions % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Print form header % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % ESO header % \setlength{\unitlength}{1mm} \begin{picture}(185,53.5) \put(32,42){{\fontfamily{cmr}\fontseries{m}\fontshape{n}\fontsize{17}{22pt}\selectfont\hbox to 147mm{E\hfil U\hfil R\hfil O\hfil P\hfil E\hfil A\hfil N\hfil \ \hfil S\hfil O\hfil U\hfil T\hfil H\hfil E\hfil R\hfil N\hfil \ \hfil O\hfil B\hfil S\hfil E\hfil R\hfil V\hfil A\hfil T\hfil O\hfil R\hfil Y}}} \put(32,33){{\fontfamily{cmr}\fontseries{m}\fontshape{n}\fontsize{11}{13.6pt}\selectfont\hbox to 147mm{Organisation\hfil Europ\'eenne\hfil pour\hfil des\hfil Recherches\hfil Astronomiques\hfil dans\hfil l'H\'emisph\`ere\hfil Austral}}} \put(32,27){{\fontfamily{cmr}\fontseries{m}\fontshape{n}\fontsize{11}{13.6pt}\selectfont\hbox to 147mm{Europ\"{a}ische\hfil Organisation\hfil f\"{u}r\hfil astronomische\hfil Forschung\hfil in\hfil der\hfil s\"{u}dlichen\hfil Hemisph\"{a}re}}} %\def\@{\kern-0.048387mm} %\put(-3,16.5){{\sixrm E\@ S\@ O\@\,--\@\,\@ %S\@ E\@ C\@ T\@ I\@ O\@ N\@\ \@ V\@ I\@ S\@ %I\@ T\@ I\@ N\@ G\@\ \@ A\@ S\@ T\@ R\@ O\@ %N\@ O\@ M\@ E\@ R\@ S}} %\def\@{\kern-0.15432mm} %\put(-3,13.5){{\sixrm K\@ a\@ r\@ l\@-\@ S\@ %c\@ h\@ w\@ a\@ r\@ z\@ s\@ c\@ h\@ i\@ l\@ %d\@-\@ S\@ t\@ r\@ a\@\ss\@ e\@\ \@2\@\ \@$\cdot$ %\@ D\@-\@8\@5\@7\@4\@8\@\ \@ G\@ a\@ r\@ c\@ %h\@ i\@ n\@ g\@\ \@ b\@ e\@ i\@\ \@ M\@\"{u}\@ %n\@ c\@ h\@ e\@ n\@\ \@$\cdot$\@\ \@ T\@ e\@ %l\@.\@\,\@:\@\ \@(\@0\@8\@9\@)\@\ \@3\@2 %\@\ \@0\@0\@\ \@6\@2\@\ \@2\@3}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Definition of ESO logo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \put(-3,20){\framebox(24.1,32.1){\ }} \put(4,37){{\Huge E}} \put(10,38){{\Huge S}} \put(6.5,28){{\Huge O}} \put(7,21.5){{\LARGE $\ast$}} \put(-2,37){{\Large $\ast$}} \put(17,40.5){{\large $\ast$}} \put(9.5,49){{\normalsize $\ast$}} \end{picture} % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Headline for the test case form % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \Large \framebox[510pt]{\bf \centerline{Form for VLT Science Test Cases}} \par \vspace*{15mm} % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Indicate a title for your proposal % !!!! \casetitle{High redshift radio galaxies: e) Absorption studies of Ly$\alpha$ and C~IV as probes of the circumnuclear gas --- particularly the cold component } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Give name and address below % !!!! \name{H R\"ottgering } % % Enter your address on the next line (end lines with \\) % !!!! \address{c/-ST-ECF\\ Karl Schwarzschild Str 2\\ D-85748 Garching bei M\"unchen } % % Please indicate your phone number and e-mail address % Phone-Nr.: % !!!! \phone{+49 89 320 06 235 } % e-mail: % !!!! \email{rottgeri@strw.leidenuniv.nl } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Please indicate any collaborators and their institutions (no % addresses) for this project on the next lines (end lines with \\) % !!!! \collaborators{ {\bf rottgeri@strw.leidenuniv.nl (Huub R\"ottgering, Leiden)}\\ miley@strw.leidenuniv.nl (George Miley. Leiden)\\ sperello@arcetri.astro.it (Sperello di Serego Alighieri, Arcetri)\\ C.Tadhunter@sheffield.ac.uk (Clive Tadhunter, Sheffield)\\ rfosbury@eso.org (Bob Fosbury, ST-ECF, coordinator)\\ cimatti@arcetri.astro.it (Andrea Cimatti, Florence)\\ amoorwoo@eso.org (Alan Moorwood, ESO)\\ pquinn@eso.org (Peter Quinn, ESO)\\ nb. lead author(s) for this sub-proposal in {\bf bf type} } % % The following line should contain the name of the ESO science % performance group coordinator % !!!! \coordinator{R A E Fosbury } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Rest of page 1 (footnotes) % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \vfill \rule{100mm}{0.1mm} \scriptsize \newcounter{notes} \begin{list}{\arabic{notes}.}% {\usecounter{notes} \setlength{\itemsep 0pt} \setlength{\parsep 0pt} % \setlength{\topsep 0pt} \setlength{\parskip 0pt} % \setlength{\leftmargin 15pt} \setlength{\labelwidth 6pt}} \item No target list required \item Documentation on the available VLT instruments can be obtained from the ESO coordinator \item Please attach figures to the form and send an electronic version to the ESO coordinator \item Deadline: 30. April 1996, please indicate in written form by 20. January that you are planning to provide a test case. \item For information please contact either Alvio Renzini (arenzini@eso.org) or Bruno Leibundgut (bleibundgut@eso.org) \end{list} \normalsize %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % end of page 1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newpage %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Pages 2 and 3 % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Scientific Rational (not more than two pages) % !!!! \rationale{The Ly $\alpha$ emission of distant radio galaxies is spectacular. It can be as luminous as {\bf $10^{44}$} erg s$^{-1}$ and can extend up to 150 kpc ($ \sim 10''$ at $z=2.5$), suggesting a direct link between the formation of the galaxy and the emission line gas. The typical FWHM of Ly$\alpha$ is 1500 km/s, much lower than that of quasars. Important results from detailed studies of the emission line gas and and its environment include: \begin{itemize} \item Spatially-extended Ly $\alpha$ absorption features indicating the frequent presence of ($>30$~kpc) regions of dense neutral gas. (see R\"ottgering et al. 1995). Note that studies of the quasar absorption lines do not yield any spatial information since the quasars are unresolved. \item The discovery of large (150~kpc) rotating structures with low velocity dispersion (250~km/s FWHM), indicating dynamical masses of $10^{12} M_\odot $ (van Ojik 1995; Van Ojik et al. 1995). The existence of such a large rotating structure at such early epoch has important implications for scenarios of galaxy evolution. \end{itemize} With 4-m class telescopes the study of the absorption and emission lines gas can only be carried out on galaxies with the brighter Ly $\alpha$ lines. The VLT will offer the exciting possibility of detailed studies of faint Ly $\alpha$ emission as well as emission from redshifted He and Carbon lines such as C~IV 1549 and 1909 and He~1640. Such detailed studies include deep spectroscopy at a resolution of a few \AA\/ and deep narrow band imaging and should address: \begin{enumerate} \item Search for absorption features against Ly $\alpha$ emission from clouds with a column density at least an order less than has presently been observed. \item Search for absorption features against CIV emission. \item Determine the total extent of the presently known rotating halos. It is well possible that these halos extend over sizes of 300--400~kpc, and thereby be the first example of Zeldovich pancakes. \item Determine how ubiquitous such rotating halos are. \item Observe the faint metal-lines from the rotating halos. \end{enumerate} These observations will constrain physical parameters, such as metalicity, velocity structure, density and masses of the various components of the absorption and emission line gas. These results provide unique information relevant to the formation and evolution of radio galaxies and clusters, to relationships between galaxy and quasar activity and to physical conditions in the early Universe.\\ {\bf References} R{\"o}ttgering~H., Hunstead~R., Miley~G.~K., van Ojik~R., Wieringa~M.~H., 1995,{ MNRAS}, { 277}, 389 van Ojik~R., 1995, { Ph.D. thesis}, University of Leiden van Ojik~R., R{\"o}ttgering~H., Carilli~C., Miley~G., Bremer~M., 1995a, { A radio galaxy at $z=3.6$ in a giant rotating Lyman $\alpha$ halo}, A\&A: in press } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Done with pages 2 and 3 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newpage %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Page 4 % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Technical requirements % % Describe your observations in some technical detail % !!!! \observations{ The spectroscopic observations are rather analogous to quasar absorption line measurements where the Ly$\alpha$ emission is used in place of a non-thermal continuum. Resolution up to a few tens of km/s are required with good spatial resolution. In addition, high resolution optical imaging with a set of narrow-band filters is required. } % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Which instruments are needed? % % Describe your observations in some technical detail (filters, % gratings, throughput, stability, etc.) % !!!! \techniques{Moderate to high spectral resolution spatially resolved spectroscopy (eg, UVES). CONICA with narrow filters. 3D spectroscopy with spectral resolution of at least several thousand. } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Done with page 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newpage %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Page 5 % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Describe your required calibration to achieve the science goal % !!!! \calibration{ } % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Limitation of the current instrumentation of the VLT and % possible extensions of the observing program % % % Describe limitations of the current ESO instrumentation program % and possible extensions of the observational project % !!!! \limitations{ Need for a 3D spectrometer. } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Done with page 5 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Done with the form %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \end{document} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % Finis % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%